{"id":10151,"date":"2016-09-27T10:41:08","date_gmt":"2016-09-27T10:41:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revoscience.com\/en\/?p=10151"},"modified":"2016-09-27T10:41:08","modified_gmt":"2016-09-27T10:41:08","slug":"life-in-ancient-oceans-enabled-by-erosion-from-land","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/life-in-ancient-oceans-enabled-by-erosion-from-land\/","title":{"rendered":"Life in ancient oceans enabled by erosion from land"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Aaron<\/a>
Aaron Satkoski, a scientist in the Department of Geoscience at UW\u2013Madison, with the mass spectrometer used to measure isotopes in rocks from South Africa. DAVID TENENBAUM<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

As scientists continue finding evidence for life in the ocean more than 3 billion years ago, those ancient fossils pose a paradox.<\/span><\/p>\n

Organisms, including the single-celled bacteria living in the ocean at that early date, need a steady supply of phosphorus, but \u201cit\u2019s very hard to account for this phosphorus unless it is eroding from the continents,\u201d says Aaron Satkoski, a scientist in the\u00a0geoscience department<\/span><\/a>\u00a0at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison. \u201cSo that makes it really hard to explain the fossils we see at this early era.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Satkoski, who is first author of a new\u00a0report<\/span><\/a>\u00a0on ocean chemistry from this remote period, says the conventional wisdom of geology has envisioned an oceanic planet, with little or no land above the waves. \u201cStarting back in the 1960s, for various reasons people claimed there was very little continental mass, and so there wasn\u2019t enough weathering to affect the chemistry of the ocean. But there wasn\u2019t much real data from more than 3 billion years ago to support that.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Field<\/a>
Field photo of barite. Barite blades are seen as white linear structures and granular barite fills the space in between the blades. AARON SATKOSKI, UW\u2013MADISON<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Discoveries of fossil remains of bacteria from over 3 billion years ago have changed that picture, says Satkoski. \u201cBut if there was life in the ocean, you need some amount of continental weathering taking place to deliver phosphorus so the organisms can live.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The major influences on ocean chemistry today are hydrothermal flow (hot water that has circulated through the crust) and surface weathering (the river transport of material eroded from land into the ocean).<\/span><\/p>\n

To evaluate each influence 3.26 billion years ago, geoscience Professor Clark Johnson and Satkoski collected samples from South Africa and compared isotopes in two forms of a rock called barite. The cemented granules had formed in the water, then fused after dropping to the ocean floor.<\/span><\/p>\n

A solid, or bladed, type of barite had formed at the ocean floor. Johnson, Satkoski and colleague Brian Beard assumed that the granular rock would reflect ocean water chemistry, and therefore any eroded, continental material. The bladed barite would represent a mix of ocean chemistry and hydrothermal flow.<\/span><\/p>\n

The study hinged on precise measurements of isotopes \u2014 atoms that are chemically identical but that have different masses. Knowing that strontium derived from land shows a slightly higher ratio of strontium 87 than strontium derived from hydrothermal circulation, the scientists compared isotopes in each type of barite.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Samples<\/a>
Samples were collected in Barite Valley, outside Barberton, South Africa. The thick continental crust in the area protected barite from burial for more than 3 billion years. AARON SATKOSKI, UW\u2013MADISON<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The result was a nearly infinitesimal \u2014 but still significant \u2014 difference in the isotope ratios, signifying that the granular barite indeed was derived from sediment eroded from land. In other words, a significant amount of erosion was taking place 3.26 billion years ago.<\/span><\/p>\n

Their report, just published online by Earth and Planetary Science Letters, pushes back the first solid date for large-scale continental erosion by 400 million years.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a guess how much of the planet\u2019s surface was land, but it could be as high as two-thirds of the area of today\u2019s\u00a0continents<\/span><\/a>,\u201d says Johnson, who leads the\u00a0NASA Astrobiology Institute at the University of Wisconsin<\/span><\/a>. \u201cSome previous estimates had no continents at all.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhen people were thinking about ocean chemistry, it was always centered on hydrothermal flow, but there was little data,\u201d Johnson says. \u201cWe are trying to put some data into the equation.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The finding about continents jibes with evidence from igneous rocks \u2014 those sourced in hot, molten rock \u2014 which indicated that the surface became rigid enough to support mountain belts, which would have eroded, during this period. \u201cNow that we have a more complete picture, the story becomes more coherent,\u201d Satkoski says.<\/span><\/p>\n

The result also meshes with climate data, as intense continental weathering could result from an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Although the sun was relatively cold at that time, the oceans were not frozen, Satkoski says. \u201cThat suggests there was more greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, which would produce a warmer climate combined with increased weathering, because carbon dioxide creates carbonic acid and acid rain, which speeds chemical weathering.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The presence of continents also indicates that the broad, slow movements of plate tectonics had started at this distant time. \u201cConventional wisdom says Earth had few continents because it did not have plate tectonics, which is how continents are made,\u201d Satkoski says. \u201cOur evidence says the opposite.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Overall, the result provides a satisfying unification of diverse streams of evidence, Johnson says. \u201cWe are moving toward an explanation for the presence of life, and the nutrients in the ocean, and why Earth was not frozen. They seem to fit together, but this is a very different picture of the early Earth than we had just 20 years ago.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

This research was funded by the NASA Astrobiology Institute and the National Science Foundation.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As scientists continue finding evidence for life in the ocean more than 3 billion years ago, those ancient fossils pose a paradox. Organisms, including the single-celled bacteria living in the ocean at that early date, need a steady supply of phosphorus, but \u201cit\u2019s very hard to account for this phosphorus unless it is eroding from […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":10152,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[60,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10151","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-science","category-research"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",448,299,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",448,299,false],"large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",448,299,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",448,299,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",448,299,false],"ultp_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",448,299,false],"ultp_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",448,299,false],"ultp_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",448,299,false],"ultp_layout_square":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",448,299,false],"newspaper-x-single-post":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",448,299,false],"newspaper-x-recent-post-big":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",448,299,false],"newspaper-x-recent-post-list-image":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",95,63,false],"web-stories-poster-portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",448,299,false],"web-stories-publisher-logo":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",96,64,false],"web-stories-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/aaron-775x517.jpg",150,100,false]},"author_info":{"info":["Amrita Tuladhar"]},"category_info":"Earth Science<\/a> Research<\/a>","tag_info":"Research","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10151","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10151"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10151\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10152"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10151"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10151"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10151"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}