{"id":10991,"date":"2016-12-23T05:47:22","date_gmt":"2016-12-23T05:47:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revoscience.com\/en\/?p=10991"},"modified":"2016-12-23T05:48:08","modified_gmt":"2016-12-23T05:48:08","slug":"driverless-platoons","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/driverless-platoons\/","title":{"rendered":"Driverless platoons"},"content":{"rendered":"

Analysis finds autonomous trucks that drive in packs could save time and fuel.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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MIT engineers have studied a simple vehicle-platooning scenario and determined the best ways to deploy vehicles in order to save fuel and minimize delays.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

CAMBRIDGE, Mass<\/strong>. —\u00a0As driverless cars merge into our transportation system in the coming years, some researchers believe autonomous vehicles may save fuel by trailing each other in large platoons. Like birds and fighter jets flying in formation, or bikers and race car drivers drafting in packs, vehicles experience less aerodynamic drag when they drive close together.<\/span><\/p>\n

But assembling a vehicle platoon to deliver packages between distribution centers, or to transport passengers between stations, requires time. The first vehicle to arrive at a station must wait for others to show up before they can all leave as a platoon, creating inevitable delays.<\/span><\/p>\n

Now MIT engineers have studied a simple vehicle-platooning scenario and determined the best ways to deploy vehicles in order to save fuel and minimize delays. Their analysis<\/a>, presented this week at the International Workshop on the Algorithmic Foundations of Robotics,<\/em> shows that relatively simple, straightforward schedules may be the optimal approach for saving fuel and minimizing delays for autonomous vehicle fleets. The findings may also apply to conventional long-distance trucking and even ride-sharing services.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRide-sharing and truck platooning, and even flocking birds and formation flight, are similar problems from a systems point of view,\u201d says Sertac Karaman, the Class of 1948 Career Development Associate Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics\u00a0at MIT. \u201cPeople who study these systems only look at efficiency metrics like delay and throughput. We look at those same metrics, versus sustainability such as cost, energy, and environmental impact. This line of research might really turn transportation on its head.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Karaman is a co-author of the paper, along with Aviv Adler, a graduate student in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and David Miculescu, a graduate student in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pushing through drag<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Karaman says that for truck-driving \u2014 particularly over long distances \u2014 most of a truck\u2019s fuel is spent on trying to overcome aerodynamic drag, that is, to push the truck through the surrounding air. Scientists have previously calculated that if several trucks were to drive just a few meters apart, one behind the other, those in the middle should experience less drag, saving fuel by as much as 20 percent, while the last truck should save 15 percent \u2014 slightly less, due to air currents that drag behind.<\/span><\/p>\n

If more vehicles are added to a platoon, more energy can collectively be saved. But there is a cost in terms of the time it takes to assemble a platoon.<\/span><\/p>\n

Karaman and his colleagues developed a mathematical model to study the effects of different scheduling policies on fuel consumption and delays. They modeled a simple scenario in which multiple trucks travel between two stations, arriving at each station at random times. The model includes two main components: a formula to represent vehicle arrival times, and another to predict the energy consumption of a vehicle platoon.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The group looked at how arrival times and energy consumption changed under two general scheduling policies: a time-table policy, in which vehicles assemble and leave as a platoon at set times; and a feedback policy, in which vehicles assemble and leave as a platoon only when a certain number of vehicles are present \u2014 a policy that Karaman first experienced in Turkey.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI grew up in Turkey, where there are two types of public transportation buses: normal buses that go out at certain time units, and another set where the driver will sit there until the bus is full, and then will go,\u201d Karaman says.<\/span><\/p>\n

When to stay, when to go<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

In their modeling of vehicle platooning, the researchers analyzed many different scenarios under the two main scheduling policies. For example, to evaluate the effects of time-table scheduling, they modeled scenarios in which platoons were sent out at regular intervals \u2014 for instance, every five minutes \u2014 versus over more staggered intervals, such as every three and seven minutes. Under the feedback policy, they compared scenarios in which platoons were deployed once a certain number of trucks reached a station, versus sending three trucks out one time, then five trucks out the next time.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ultimately, the team found the simplest policies incurred the least delays while saving the most fuel. That is, time tables set to deploy platoons at regular intervals were more sustainable and efficient than those that deployed at more staggered times. Similarly, feedback scenarios that waited for the same number of trucks before deploying every time were more optimal than those that varied the number of trucks in a platoon.<\/span><\/p>\n

Overall, feedback policies were just slightly more sustainable than time-table policies, saving only 5 percent more fuel.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019d think a more complicated scheme would save more energy and time,\u201d Karaman says. \u201cBut we show in a formal proof that in the long run, it\u2019s the simpler policies that help you.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Ahead of the game<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Karaman is currently working with trucking companies in Brazil that are interested in using the group\u2019s model to determine how to deploy truck platoons to save fuel. He hopes to use data from these companies on when trucks enter highways to compute delay and energy tradeoffs with his mathematical model.<\/span><\/p>\n

Eventually, he says, the model may suggest that trucks\u00a0 follow each other at very close range, within 3 to 4 meters, which is difficult for a driver to maintain. Ultimately, Karaman says, truck platoons may require autonomous driving systems to kick in during long stretches of driving, to keep the platoon close enough together to save the most fuel.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere are already experimental trials testing autonomous trucks [in Europe],\u201d Karaman says. \u201cI imagine truck platooning is something we might see early in the [autonomous transportation] game.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The researchers are also applying their simulations to autonomous ride-sharing services. Karaman envisions a system of driverless shuttles that transport passengers between stations, at rates and times that depend on the overall system\u2019s energy capacity and schedule requirements. The team\u2019s simulations could determine, for instance, the optimal number of passengers per shuttle in order to save fuel or prevent gridlock.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe believe that ultimately this thinking will allow us to build new transportation systems in which the cost of transportation will be reduced substantially,\u201d Karaman says.<\/span><\/p>\n

This research was funded, in part, by the National Science Foundation.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As driverless cars merge into our transportation system in the coming years, some researchers believe autonomous vehicles may save fuel by trailing each other in large platoons. Like birds and fighter jets flying in formation, or bikers and race car drivers drafting in packs, vehicles experience less aerodynamic drag when they drive close together.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":10992,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17,28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10991","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research","category-techbiz"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",639,426,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",639,426,false],"large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",639,426,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",639,426,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",639,426,false],"ultp_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",639,426,false],"ultp_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",639,426,false],"ultp_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",600,400,false],"ultp_layout_square":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",600,400,false],"newspaper-x-single-post":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",639,426,false],"newspaper-x-recent-post-big":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",540,360,false],"newspaper-x-recent-post-list-image":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",95,63,false],"web-stories-poster-portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",639,426,false],"web-stories-publisher-logo":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",96,64,false],"web-stories-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MIT-TruckPlatoon_0.jpg",150,100,false]},"author_info":{"info":["Amrita Tuladhar"]},"category_info":"Research<\/a> Tech<\/a>","tag_info":"Tech","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10991","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10991"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10991\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10992"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10991"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10991"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10991"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}