{"id":12853,"date":"2017-08-09T07:26:17","date_gmt":"2017-08-09T07:26:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revoscience.com\/en\/?p=12853"},"modified":"2017-08-09T07:26:17","modified_gmt":"2017-08-09T07:26:17","slug":"tiny-terahertz-laser-used-imaging-chemical-detection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/tiny-terahertz-laser-used-imaging-chemical-detection\/","title":{"rendered":"Tiny terahertz laser could be used for imaging, chemical detection"},"content":{"rendered":"

New design boosts the power output of the best-performing chip-scale terahertz laser by 80 percent.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
A new technique boosts the power output of tiny, chip-mounted terahertz lasers by 88 percent.
Image: Demin Liu\/Molgraphics<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

CAMBRIDGE, Mass. —\u00a0Terahertz radiation \u2014 the band of the electromagnetic spectrum between microwaves and visible light \u2014 has promising applications in medical and industrial imaging and chemical detection, among\u00a0<\/span>other<\/a>\u00a0uses<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

But many of those applications depend on small, power-efficient sources of terahertz rays, and the standard method for producing them involves a bulky, power-hungry, tabletop device.<\/span><\/p>\n

For more than 20 years, Qing Hu, a distinguished professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT, and his group have been working on sources of terahertz radiation that can be etched onto microchips. In the latest issue of\u00a0<\/span>Nature Photonics<\/a><\/em>, members of Hu\u2019s group and colleagues at Sandia National Laboratories and the University of Toronto describe a novel design that boosts the power output of chip-mounted terahertz lasers by 80 percent.<\/span><\/p>\n

As the best-performing chip-mounted terahertz source yet reported, the researchers\u2019 device has been selected by NASA to provide terahertz emission for its Galactic\/Extragalactic ULDB Spectroscopic Terahertz Observatory (GUSTO) mission. The mission is intended to determine the composition of the interstellar medium, or the matter that fills the space between stars, and it\u2019s using terahertz rays because they\u2019re uniquely well-suited to spectroscopic measurement of oxygen concentrations. Because the mission will deploy instrument-laden balloons to the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere, the terahertz emitter needs to be lightweight.<\/span><\/p>\n

The researchers\u2019 design is a new variation on a device called a quantum cascade laser with distributed feedback. \u201cWe started with this because it was the best out there,\u201d says Ali Khalatpour, a graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science and first author on the paper. \u201cIt has the optimum performance for terahertz.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Until now, however, the device has had a major drawback, which is that it naturally emits radiation in two opposed directions. Since most applications of terahertz radiation require directed light, that means that the device squanders half of its energy output. Khalatpour and his colleagues found a way to redirect 80 percent of the light that usually exits the back of the laser, so that it travels in the desired direction.<\/span><\/p>\n

As Khalatpour explains, the researchers\u2019 design is not tied to any particular \u201cgain medium,\u201d or\u00a0combination of materials<\/a>\u00a0in the body of the laser.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIf we come up with a better gain medium, we can double its output power, too,\u201d Khalatpour says. \u201cWe increased power without designing a new active medium, which is pretty hard. Usually, even a 10 percent increase requires a lot of work in every aspect of the design.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Big waves<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

In fact, bidirectional emission, or emission of light in opposed directions, is a common feature of many laser designs. With conventional lasers, however, it\u2019s easily remedied by putting a mirror over one end of the laser.<\/span><\/p>\n

But the wavelength of terahertz radiation is so long, and the researchers\u2019 new lasers \u2014 known as photonic wire lasers \u2014 are so small, that much of the electromagnetic wave traveling the laser\u2019s length actually lies outside the laser\u2019s body. A mirror at one end of the laser would reflect back a tiny fraction of the wave\u2019s total energy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khalatpour and his colleagues\u2019 solution to this problem exploits a peculiarity of the tiny laser\u2019s design. A quantum cascade laser consists of a long rectangular ridge called a waveguide. In the waveguide, materials are arranged so that the application of an electric field induces an electromagnetic wave along the length of the waveguide.<\/span><\/p>\n

This wave, however, is what\u2019s called a \u201cstanding wave.\u201d If an electromagnetic wave can be thought of as a regular up-and-down squiggle, then the wave reflects back and forth in the waveguide in such a way that the crests and troughs of the reflections perfectly coincide with those of the waves moving in the opposite direction. A standing wave is essentially inert and will not radiate out of the waveguide.<\/span><\/p>\n

So Hu\u2019s group cuts regularly spaced slits into the waveguide, which allow terahertz rays to radiate out. \u201cImagine that you have a pipe, and you make a hole, and the water gets out,\u201d Khalatpour says. The slits are spaced so that the waves they emit reinforce each other \u2014 their crests coincide \u2014 only along the axis of the waveguide. At more oblique angles from the waveguide, they cancel each other out.<\/span><\/p>\n

Breaking symmetry<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

In the new work, Khalatpour and his coauthors \u2014 Hu, John Reno of Sandia, and Nazir Kherani, a professor of materials science at the University of Toronto \u2014 simply put reflectors behind each of the holes in the waveguide, a step that can be seamlessly incorporated into the manufacturing process that produces the waveguide itself.<\/span><\/p>\n

The reflectors are wider than the waveguide, and they\u2019re spaced so that the radiation they reflect will reinforce the terahertz wave in one direction but cancel it out in the other. Some of the terahertz wave that lies outside the waveguide still makes it around the reflectors, but 80 percent of the energy that would have exited the waveguide in the wrong direction is now redirected the other way.<\/span><\/p>\n

The new work was funded by NASA, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

New design boosts the power output of the best-performing chip-scale terahertz laser by 80 percent. CAMBRIDGE, Mass. —\u00a0Terahertz radiation \u2014 the band of the electromagnetic spectrum between microwaves and visible light \u2014 has promising applications in medical and industrial imaging and chemical detection, among\u00a0other\u00a0uses. But many of those applications depend on small, power-efficient sources of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":12854,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12853","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-other","category-techbiz"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",639,426,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",639,426,false],"large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",639,426,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",639,426,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",639,426,false],"ultp_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",639,426,false],"ultp_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",639,426,false],"ultp_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",600,400,false],"ultp_layout_square":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",600,400,false],"newspaper-x-single-post":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",639,426,false],"newspaper-x-recent-post-big":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",540,360,false],"newspaper-x-recent-post-list-image":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",95,63,false],"web-stories-poster-portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",639,426,false],"web-stories-publisher-logo":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",96,64,false],"web-stories-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/MIT-Wire-Laser_0.jpg",150,100,false]},"author_info":{"info":["Amrita Tuladhar"]},"category_info":"Other<\/a> Tech<\/a>","tag_info":"Tech","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12853","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12853"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12853\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12854"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12853"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12853"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12853"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}