The dimples, paradoxically,\u00a0do<\/em>\u00a0increase drag slightly.\u00a0 But they also increase “Magnus lift”, that peculiar lifting force experienced by rotating bodies\u00a0travelling<\/span>\u00a0through a medium.\u00a0 Magnus lift is present because a driven golf ball has backspin.\u00a0 The same Magnus effect can cause a ball to hook or slice if it has sideways spin.<\/p>\n Contrary to simple ideas of trajectories in a vacuum, golf balls do not travel in inverted parabolas.\u00a0 They follow an “impetus trajectory”:<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/p>\n (golfer)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 * <– trajectory<\/p>\n \u00a0\\O\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/p>\n \u00a0 |\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*<\/p>\n -\/ \\-T—————————————————————ground<\/span><\/p>\n This is because of the combination of drag (which reduces horizontal speed late in the trajectory) and Magnus lift (which supports the ball during the initial part of the trajectory, making it relatively straight).\u00a0 The trajectory can even curve upwards at first, depending on conditions!\u00a0 Here we see a golf ball in flight, with some relevant vectors:<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 F(Magnus)<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0^<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 |<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 F(drag) <— O ——-> V<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \\<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \\—-> (sense of rotation)<\/p>\n A golf ball leaves the tee with a speed of about 70 m\/s and a backspin of at least 50 rev\/s.\u00a0 The Magnus force can be thought of as due to the relative drag on the air on the top and bottom portions of the golf ball: the top portion is moving slower relative to the air around it, so there is less drag on the air that goes over the ball.\u00a0 The boundary layer is relatively thin, and air in the not-too-near region moves rapidly relative to the ball.\u00a0 The bottom portion moves fast relative to the air around it; there is more drag on the air passing by the bottom, and the boundary (turbulent) layer is relatively thick; air in the not-too-near region moves more slowly relative to the ball.\u00a0 The Bernoulli force produces lift.\u00a0 (Alternatively, one could say that “the flow lines past the ball are displaced down, so the ball is pushed up.”)<\/p>\n A difficulty comes near the transition region between laminar flow and turbulent flow.\u00a0 At low speeds, the flow around the ball is laminar.\u00a0 As speed is increased, the bottom part tends to go turbulent\u00a0first<\/em>.\u00a0 But turbulent flow can follow a surface much more easily than laminar flow.<\/p>\n As a result, the laminar flow lines around the top break away from the surface sooner than otherwise, and there is a net\u00a0upward<\/em>\u00a0displacement of the flow lines.\u00a0 The Magnus lift becomes\u00a0negative<\/em>.<\/p>\n The dimples aid the rapid formation of a turbulent boundary layer around the golf ball in flight, giving more lift.\u00a0 Without them the ball would travel in more of a parabolic trajectory, hitting the ground sooner (and not coming straight down).\u00a0 This was discovered by accident in the early days of golf when golfers noticed that old roughened golf balls went farther.<\/p>\n Despite the drag, a dimpled golf ball can even go farther in air than it would in vacuum given the same initial velocity and low angle.\u00a0 However, a golf ball shot at 45\u00b0 and 70 m\/s in vacuum would go 500\u00a0metres<\/span>\u00a0to the first bounce, which exceeds all records.<\/p>\n References:<\/strong><\/p>\n Lord\u00a0Rayleigh<\/span>, “On the Irregular Flight of a Tennis Ball”,\u00a0Scientific Papers I<\/em>,\u00a0pg<\/span>\u00a0344.<\/p>\n Briggs Lyman J., “Effect of Spin and Speed on the Lateral Deflection of a Baseball; and the Magnus Effect for Smooth Spheres”, Am. J. Phys.\u00a027<\/strong>, 589 (1959).\u00a0 Briggs was trying to explain the mechanism behind the “curve ball” in baseball, using specialized apparatus in a wind tunnel at the\u00a0NBS<\/span>.\u00a0 He stumbled on the reverse effect by accident, because his model “baseball” had no stitches on it.\u00a0 The stitches on a baseball create turbulence in flight in much the same way that the dimples on a golf ball do.<\/p>\n R. Watts and R.\u00a0Ferver<\/span>, “The Lateral Force on a Spinning Sphere Aerodynamics of a\u00a0Curveball<\/span>“, Am. J. Phys.\u00a055<\/strong>, 40 (1986).<\/p>\n Steve\u00a0Haake<\/span>, “Physics and Golf?\u00a0 You must be joking!” Physics World\u00a010<\/strong>, 76 (1997).<\/p>\n Journal of Applied Physics\u00a020<\/strong>, 821 (1949) by Davies.<\/p>\n American Journal of Physics\u00a056<\/strong>, 933 (1988) by\u00a0McPhee<\/span>\u00a0and Andrews.<\/p>\n “The Physics of Golf” by Theodore P. Jorgensen<\/p>\n Source: Originally published on Department of Mathematics,\u00a0University of California<\/a>\u00a0Original written by Craig\u00a0DeForest<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0Updated 1997 by PEG. and\u00a0<\/span>Updated 1993 by\u00a0CDF<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The dimples, paradoxically,\u00a0do\u00a0increase drag slightly.\u00a0 But they also increase “Magnus lift”, that peculiar lifting force experienced by rotating bodies\u00a0travelling\u00a0through a medium.\u00a0 Magnus lift is present because a driven golf ball has backspin.\u00a0 The same Magnus effect can cause a ball to hook or slice if it has sideways spin. Contrary to simple ideas of trajectories […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-154","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-curiosity"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":"","thumbnail":"","medium":"","medium_large":"","large":"","1536x1536":"","2048x2048":"","ultp_layout_landscape_large":"","ultp_layout_landscape":"","ultp_layout_portrait":"","ultp_layout_square":"","newspaper-x-single-post":"","newspaper-x-recent-post-big":"","newspaper-x-recent-post-list-image":"","web-stories-poster-portrait":"","web-stories-publisher-logo":"","web-stories-thumbnail":""},"author_info":{"info":["RevoScience"]},"category_info":"Curiosity<\/a>","tag_info":"Curiosity","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/154","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=154"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/154\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=154"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=154"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=154"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}