{"id":19717,"date":"2021-01-25T06:02:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-25T00:17:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/?p=19717"},"modified":"2021-01-24T22:14:24","modified_gmt":"2021-01-24T16:29:24","slug":"search-for-axions-from-nearby-star-betelgeuse-comes-up-empty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/search-for-axions-from-nearby-star-betelgeuse-comes-up-empty\/","title":{"rendered":"Search for axions from nearby star Betelgeuse comes up empty"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

BY Jennifer Chu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.(MIT News Office<\/em> )–\u00a0The elusive axion particle is many times lighter than an electron, with properties that barely make an impression on ordinary matter. As such, the ghost-like particle is a leading contender as a component of dark matter \u2014 a hypothetical, invisible type of matter that is thought to make up 85 percent of the mass in the universe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Axions have so far evaded detection. Physicists predict that if they do exist, they must be produced within extreme environments, such as the cores of stars at the precipice of a supernova. When these stars spew axions out into the universe, the particles, on encountering any surrounding magnetic fields, should briefly morph into photons and potentially reveal themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now, MIT physicists have searched for axions in Betelgeuse, a nearby star that is expected to burn out as a supernova soon, at least on astrophysical timescales. Given its imminent demise, Betelgeuse should be a natural factory of axions, constantly churning out the particles as the star burns away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, when the team looked for expected signatures of axions, in the form of photons in the X-ray band, their search came up empty. Their results rule out the existence of ultralight axions that can interact with photons over a wide range of energies. The findings set new constraints on the particle\u2019s properties that are three times stronger than any previous laboratory-based axion-detecting experiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat our results say is, if you want to look for these really light particles, which we looked for, they\u2019re not going to talk very much to photons,\u201d says Kerstin Perez, assistant professor of physics at MIT. \u201cWe\u2019re basically making everyone\u2019s lives harder because we\u2019re saying, \u2018you\u2019re going to have to think of something else that would give you an axion signal.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perez and her colleagues have published their results today in Physical Review Letters<\/em>. Her MIT co-authors include lead author Mengjiao Xiao, Brandon Roach, and Melaina Nynka, along with Maurizio Giannotti of Barry University, Oscar Straniero of the Abruzzo Astronomical Observatory, Alessandro Mirizzi of the National Institute for Nuclear Physics in Italy, and Brian Grefenstette of Caltech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A hunt for coupling<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of the current experiments that search for axions are designed to look for them as a product of the Primakoff effect, a process that describes a theoretical \u201ccoupling\u201d between axions and photons. Axions are not normally thought to interact with photons \u2014 hence their likelihood of being dark matter. However, the Primakoff effect predicts that, when photons are subjected to intense magnetic fields, such as in stellar cores, they could morph into axions. The center of many stars should therefore be natural axion factories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When a star explodes in a supernova, it should churn the axions out into the universe. If the invisible particles run into a magnetic field, for instance between the star and Earth, they should turn back into photons, presumably with some detectable energy. Scientists are hunting for axions through this process, for instance from our own sun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBut the sun also has flares and gives off X-rays all the time, and it\u2019s hard to understand,\u201d says Perez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She and her colleagues instead looked for axions from Betelgeuse, a star that normally does not emit X-rays. The star is among those nearest to Earth that are expected to explode soon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBetelgeuse is at a temperature and lifestage where you don\u2019t expect to see X-rays coming out of it, through standard stellar astrophysics,\u201d Perez explains. \u201cBut if axions do exist, and are coming out, we might see an X-ray signature. So that\u2019s why this star is a nice object: If you see X-rays, it\u2019s a smoking gun signal that it\u2019s got to be axions.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cData is data\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The researchers looked for X-ray signatures of axions from Betelgeuse, using data taken by NuSTAR, NASA\u2019s space-based telescope that focuses high-energy X-rays from astrophysical sources. The team obtained 50 kiloseconds of data from NuSTAR during the time the telescope was trained on Betelgeuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The researchers then modeled a range of X-ray emissions that they might see from Betelgeuse if the star was spewing out axions. They considered a range of masses that an axion might be, as well as a range of likelihoods that the axions would \u201ccouple\u201d to and reconvert into a photon, depending on the magnetic field strength between the star and Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOut of all that modeling, you get a range of what your X-ray signal of axions could possibly look like,\u201d Perez says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When they searched for these signals in NuSTAR\u2019s data, however, they found nothing above their expected background or outside of any ordinary astrophysical sources of X-rays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBetelgeuse is probably in the late stages of evolution and in that case should have a big probability of converting into axions,\u201d Xiao says. \u201cBut data are data.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Given the range of conditions they considered, the team\u2019s null result rules out a large space of possibilities and sets an upper limit that is three times stronger than previous limits, from laboratory-based searches, for what an axion must be. In essence, this means that if axions are ultralight in mass, the team\u2019s results show that the particles must be at least three times less likely to couple to photons and emit any detectable X-rays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf axions have ultralight masses, we can definitely tell you their coupling has to be very small, otherwise we would have seen it,\u201d Perez says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ultimately, this means that scientists may have to look to other, less detectable energy bands for axion signals. However, Perez says the search for axions from Betelgeuse is not over.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat would be exciting would be if we see a supernova, which would ignite a huge amount of axions that wouldn\u2019t be in X-rays, but in gamma rays,\u201d Perez says. \u201cIf a star explodes and we don\u2019t see axions, then we\u2019ll get really stringent constraints on an axion\u2019s coupling to photons. So everyone\u2019s crossing their fingers for Betelgeuse to go off.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This research was supported, in part, by NASA.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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