{"id":22276,"date":"2022-03-10T14:29:47","date_gmt":"2022-03-10T08:44:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/?p=22276"},"modified":"2022-03-10T14:31:28","modified_gmt":"2022-03-10T08:46:28","slug":"ancient-example-of-modern-global-warming-was-too-hot-for-tiny-important-ocean-creatures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/ancient-example-of-modern-global-warming-was-too-hot-for-tiny-important-ocean-creatures\/","title":{"rendered":"Ancient example of modern global warming was too hot for tiny, important ocean creatures"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

BY Chris Barncard<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

MADISON \u2014 During another time in which Earth warmed rapidly in conjunction with a spike in atmospheric carbon similar to our modern climate, seawater temperature and chemical changes decimated an important piece of the food web in the tropical Pacific Ocean, according to new research from the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Planktonic foraminifera are single-celled ocean organisms known for making intricate shells which aren\u2019t just the size of a grain of sand, they often are grains of sand on ocean floors and beaches. Planktonic foraminifera evolved approximately 180 million years ago, and they\u2019ve spent all that time evolving further, while dying off and sinking to the bottom of the ocean, where their distinctive shells pile up to form layer after layer of sediment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
The carbon composition of sand grain-sized shells left behind 56 million years ago by single-cell ocean organisms called foraminifera \u2014 like this one from foram species Morozovella allisonensis \u2014 helped UW\u2013Madison researchers describe a likely catastrophic collapse of the marine food web during a global warming very similar to the one we are embarking on now.\u00a0IMAGE BY BRITTANY HUPP<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Foraminifera were around 56 million years ago during an event called the Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum (the PETM), when atmospheric chemistry and carbon dioxide levels changed abruptly \u2014 as they are today \u2014 and global temperatures warmed rapidly by 4 to 5 degrees Celsius.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cForaminifera are pretty sensitive environmental indicators. I think of them as canaries in the coal mine,\u201d says Clay Kelly, a UW\u2013Madison geosciences professor and one author of a new study of the PETM published recently in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. He also notes that “the PETM is arguably our best ancient analog for future climate change.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 1990s, Kelly published descriptions of the foraminifera found in deep-sea sediments dating to the time of the PETM. They were recovered from atop an extinct submarine volcano in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. What he found, by meticulously separating and examining foraminifera shells, was a surprising expansion of the number of species living near the equator in an ocean that was getting hotter, more acidic and less oxygen-saturated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the onset of the PETM happened fast, geologically speaking, over less than 5,000 years. Over that time, ocean currents and the burrowing activity of bottom-dwelling organisms churned and blended ocean floor sediments so that the microscopic shells of foraminifera were pushed up or down in the muck, leaving their eventually fossilized remains sitting next to ancestors or descendants 10,000 years distant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat reworking can leave 20 centimeters of a sediment core all mixed up, so that some foraminifera deposited in the sediment much earlier appear to have been living thousands of years later,\u201d says Brittany Hupp, a coauthor who worked on the study while earning her doctorate in geosciences at UW\u2013Madison and is now a postdoctoral researcher at Oregon State University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hupp used the sharp change in atmospheric chemistry (and the upper layers of the ocean, where planktonic foraminifera live) to untangle the reworking of the sediment and came to a much different conclusion about the response of foraminifera to PETM conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The PETM is marked in the rock and fossil records by a global carbon isotope excursion, in which an isotope of carbon became much more common in the atmosphere. Istotopes are atoms of a single element that have slightly different weights. The isotope the researchers studied is called carbon 12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCarbon 12 is a stable isotope, meaning that it does not undergo radioactive decay like its sister isotope carbon 14, and stays relatively concentrated in organic materials such as coal and hydrocarbons that spent a lot of time buried in the earth,\u201d Kelly says. \u201cWe’re digging it up right now as fossil fuels, burning it, and releasing it at an unprecedented rate into the ocean-atmosphere system.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because carbon 12 was also rising during the PETM, and because foraminifera use carbon to make their shells, there is a stark difference between the amount of carbon 12 in the shells of foraminifera living before the PETM and those living during the warming period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hupp picked through the sediment samples again and threw out the shells whose carbon content marked them as from the wrong era, possibly pushed up through the sediment by an ancient digging worm. She assembled more than 500 individual foraminifera from the PETM that represented a significant change from the pre-PETM foraminifera community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDiversity dropped markedly at the site of this sediment core,\u201d Hupp says. \u201cWe go from having nine major taxa \u2014 representing about 90 percent of the foraminifera \u2014 down to four. So, over half the species disappeared from this site during this warming period.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But they didn\u2019t go extinct. They probably migrated out of the hot tropics to find cooler waters. The species that disappeared from the equator were still found in higher latitudes. In fact, other studies show some of the equatorial species popping up in polar regions during the PETM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn the PETM tropics, their population dynamics change so dramatically,\u201d Kelly says. \u201cWe saw a lot of them leaving the tropics, and that would have altered the food chain substantially during the PETM event, which has so much in common with warming now.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because they are the first consumers of single-cell plants near the bottom of the food chain, the foraminifera\u2019s absence from their normal home ranges would have been catastrophic. That may be the case in our near future as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The researchers, who include UW\u2013Madison co-author and geography professor John \u201cJack\u201d Williams, also noticed changes in the foraminifera shells likely due to ocean water becoming more acidic as it soaks up extra carbon from the atmosphere. Acidification makes it harder for foraminifera to grow their shells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBut they are, by far, not the only organisms living in the ocean that have shells built of calcium carbonate,\u201d Hupp says. \u201cSo, a lot of the pressures that planktonic foraminifera experienced during the PETM are going to affect many other important organisms that build those shells today.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

During another time in which Earth warmed rapidly in conjunction with a spike in atmospheric carbon similar to our modern climate, seawater temperature<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":22278,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","category-research"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1.jpg",775,581,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1-200x200.jpg",200,200,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1-534x400.jpg",534,400,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1-768x576.jpg",750,563,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1-675x506.jpg",675,506,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1.jpg",775,581,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1.jpg",775,581,false],"ultp_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1.jpg",775,581,false],"ultp_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1.jpg",760,570,false],"ultp_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1.jpg",600,450,false],"ultp_layout_square":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1.jpg",600,450,false],"newspaper-x-single-post":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1-760x490.jpg",760,490,true],"newspaper-x-recent-post-big":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1-550x360.jpg",550,360,true],"newspaper-x-recent-post-list-image":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1-95x65.jpg",95,65,true],"web-stories-poster-portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1.jpg",640,480,false],"web-stories-publisher-logo":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1.jpg",96,72,false],"web-stories-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/foram-1.jpg",150,112,false]},"author_info":{"info":["Chris Barncard"]},"category_info":"News<\/a> Research<\/a>","tag_info":"Research","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22276","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22276"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22276\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22278"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22276"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22276"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22276"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}