{"id":25008,"date":"2024-06-05T22:27:48","date_gmt":"2024-06-05T16:42:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/?p=25008"},"modified":"2024-06-05T22:27:52","modified_gmt":"2024-06-05T16:42:52","slug":"microscopic-defects-in-ice-shape-how-massive-glaciers-flow-study-shows","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/microscopic-defects-in-ice-shape-how-massive-glaciers-flow-study-shows\/","title":{"rendered":"Microscopic\u00a0defects in ice\u00a0shape how\u00a0massive\u00a0glaciers flow, study shows\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The findings should help scientists refine predictions of future sea-level rise. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
A glacier flows into a fjord in the southwest coast of Greenland. IMAGE: Meghana Ranganathan<\/sup><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n

By Jennifer Chu<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n

CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — As they seep and calve into the sea, melting glaciers and ice sheets are raising global water levels at unprecedented rates. To predict and prepare for future sea-level rise, scientists need a better understanding of how fast glaciers melt and what influences their flow.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now, a study by MIT scientists offers a new picture of glacier flow, based on microscopic deformation in the ice. The results show that a glacier\u2019s flow depends strongly on how microscopic defects move through the ice.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The researchers found they could estimate a glacier\u2019s flow based on whether the ice is prone to microscopic defects of one kind versus another. They used this relationship between micro- and macro-scale deformation to develop a new model for how glaciers flow. With the new model, they mapped the flow of ice in locations across the Antarctic Ice Sheet.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Contrary to conventional wisdom, they found, the ice sheet is not a monolith but instead is more varied in where and how it flows in response to warming-driven stresses. The study \u201cdramatically alters the climate conditions under which marine ice sheets may become unstable and drive rapid rates of sea-level rise,\u201d the researchers write in their paper. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis study really shows the effect of microscale processes on macroscale behavior,\u201d says Meghana Ranganathan PhD \u201922, who led the study as a graduate student in MIT\u2019s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS) and is now a postdoc at Georgia Tech. \u201cThese mechanisms happen at the scale of water molecules and ultimately can affect the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.\u201d  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBroadly speaking, glaciers are accelerating, and there are a lot of variants around that,\u201d adds co-author and EAPS Associate Professor Brent Minchew. \u201cThis is the first study that takes a step from the laboratory to the ice sheets and starts evaluating what the stability of ice is in the natural environment. That will ultimately feed into our understanding of the probability of catastrophic sea-level rise.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ranganathan and Minchew\u2019s study appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/a>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Micro flow <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Glacier flow describes the movement of ice from the peak of a glacier, or the center of an ice sheet, down to the edges, where the ice then breaks off and melts into the ocean \u2014 a normally slow process that contributes over time to raising the world\u2019s average sea level.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In recent years, the oceans have risen at unprecedented rates, driven by global warming and the accelerated melting of glaciers and ice sheets. While the loss of polar ice is known to be a major contributor to sea-level rise, it is also the biggest uncertainty when it comes to making predictions.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPart of it\u2019s a scaling problem,\u201d Ranganathan explains. \u201cA lot of the fundamental mechanisms that cause ice to flow happen at a really small scale that we can\u2019t see. We wanted to pin down exactly what these microphysical processes are that govern ice flow, which hasn\u2019t been represented in models of sea-level change.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The team\u2019s new study builds on previous experiments from the early 2000s by geologists at the University of Minnesota, who studied how small chips of ice deform when physically stressed and compressed. Their work revealed two microscopic mechanisms by which ice can flow: \u201cdislocation creep,\u201d where molecule-sized cracks migrate through the ice, and \u201cgrain boundary sliding,\u201d where individual ice crystals slide against each other, causing the boundary between them to move through the ice.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The geologists found that ice\u2019s sensitivity to stress, or how likely it is to flow, depends on which of the two mechanisms is dominant. Specifically, ice is more sensitive to stress when microscopic defects occur via dislocation creep rather than grain boundary sliding.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ranganathan and Minchew realized that those findings at the microscopic level could redefine how ice flows at much larger, glacial scales.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCurrent models for sea-level rise assume a single value for the sensitivity of ice to stress and hold this value constant across an entire ice sheet,\u201d Ranganathan explains. \u201cWhat these experiments showed was that actually, there\u2019s quite a bit of variability in ice sensitivity, due to which of these mechanisms is at play.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A mapping match <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For their new study, the MIT team took insights from the previous experiments and developed a model to estimate an icy region\u2019s sensitivity to stress, which directly relates to how likely that ice is to flow. The model takes in information such as the ambient temperature, the average size of ice crystals, and the estimated mass of ice in the region, and calculates how much the ice is deforming by dislocation creep versus grain boundary sliding. Depending on which of the two mechanisms is dominant, the model then estimates the region\u2019s sensitivity to stress. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The scientists fed into the model actual observations from various locations across the Antarctic Ice Sheet, where others had previously recorded data such as the local height of ice, the size of ice crystals, and the ambient temperature. Based on the model\u2019s estimates, the team generated a map of ice sensitivity to stress across the Antarctic Ice Sheet. When they compared this map to satellite and field measurements taken of the ice sheet over time, they observed a close match, suggesting that the model could be used to accurately predict how glaciers and ice sheets will flow in the future.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAs climate change starts to thin glaciers, that could affect the sensitivity of ice to stress,\u201d Ranganathan says. \u201cThe instabilities that we expect in Antarctica could be very different, and we can now capture those differences, using this model.\u201d  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The findings should help scientists refine predictions of future sea-level rise.  CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — As they seep and calve into the sea, melting glaciers and ice sheets are raising global water levels at unprecedented rates. To predict and prepare for future sea-level rise, scientists need a better understanding of how fast glaciers melt and what influences their flow.   Now, a study by MIT scientists offers a new […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":25010,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25008","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","category-research"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0.jpg",900,600,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0-200x200.jpg",200,200,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0-600x400.jpg",600,400,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0-768x512.jpg",750,500,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0-675x450.jpg",675,450,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0.jpg",900,600,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0.jpg",900,600,false],"ultp_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0.jpg",900,600,false],"ultp_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0-870x570.jpg",870,570,true],"ultp_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0-600x600.jpg",600,600,true],"ultp_layout_square":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0-600x600.jpg",600,600,true],"newspaper-x-single-post":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0-760x490.jpg",760,490,true],"newspaper-x-recent-post-big":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0-550x360.jpg",550,360,true],"newspaper-x-recent-post-list-image":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0-95x65.jpg",95,65,true],"web-stories-poster-portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0.jpg",640,427,false],"web-stories-publisher-logo":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0.jpg",96,64,false],"web-stories-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/MIT-Ice-Flow-Ranganathan-01-press_0.jpg",150,100,false]},"author_info":{"info":["By Jennifer Chu"]},"category_info":"Environment<\/a> Research<\/a>","tag_info":"Research","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25008","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25008"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25008\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25011,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25008\/revisions\/25011"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25010"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25008"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25008"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25008"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}