{"id":4779,"date":"2015-06-19T08:14:42","date_gmt":"2015-06-19T08:14:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revoscience.com\/en\/?p=4779"},"modified":"2015-06-19T08:14:42","modified_gmt":"2015-06-19T08:14:42","slug":"recalling-happier-memories-can-reverse-depression","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/recalling-happier-memories-can-reverse-depression\/","title":{"rendered":"Recalling happier memories can reverse depression"},"content":{"rendered":"

Artificially reactivating positive memories could offer an alternative to traditional antidepressants.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Image:<\/a>
Image: iStock<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

MIT neuroscientists have shown that they can cure the symptoms of depression in mice by artificially reactivating happy memories that were formed before the onset of depression.<\/span><\/p>\n

The findings, described in the June 18 issue of\u00a0Nature<\/em>, offer a possible explanation for the success of psychotherapies in which depression patients are encouraged to recall pleasant experiences. They also suggest new ways to treat depression by manipulating the brain cells where memories are stored. The researchers believe this kind of targeted approach could have fewer side effects than most existing antidepressant drugs, which bathe the entire brain.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOnce you identify specific sites in the memory circuit which are not functioning well, or whose boosting will bring a beneficial consequence, there is a possibility of inventing new medical technology where the improvement will be targeted to the specific part of the circuit, rather than administering a drug and letting that drug function everywhere in the brain,\u201d says Susumu Tonegawa, the Picower Professor of Biology and Neuroscience, director of the RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at MIT\u2019s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, and senior author of the paper.<\/span><\/p>\n

Although this type of intervention is not yet possible in humans, \u201cThis type of analysis gives information as to where to target specific disorders,\u201d Tonegawa adds.<\/span><\/p>\n

Graduate student Steve Ramirez is the paper\u2019s lead author.<\/span><\/p>\n

Memory control<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

In 2012, Tonegawa, former MIT postdoc Xu Liu, Ramirez, and colleagues first reported that they could\u00a0label and reactivate clusters of brain cells that store specific memories<\/span><\/a>, which they called engrams. More recently, they showed that they could\u00a0plant false memories<\/span><\/a>, and that they could\u00a0switch the emotional associations of a particular memory<\/span><\/a>\u00a0from positive to negative, and vice versa.<\/span><\/p>\n

In their new study, the researchers sought to discover if their ability to reactivate existing memories could be exploited to treat depression.<\/span><\/p>\n

To do this, the researchers first exposed mice to a pleasurable experience. In this case, all of the mice were male and the pleasurable experience consisted of spending time with female mice. During this time, cells in the hippocampus that encode the memory engram were labeled with a light-sensitive protein that activates the neuron in response to blue light.<\/span><\/p>\n

After the positive memory was formed, the researchers induced depression-like symptoms in the mice by exposing them to chronic stress. These mice show symptoms that mimic those of human sufferers of depression, such as giving up easily when faced with a difficult situation and failing to take pleasure in activities that are normally enjoyable.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, when the mice were placed in situations designed to test for those symptoms, the researchers found that they could dramatically improve the symptoms by reactivating the neurons that stored the memory of a past enjoyable experience. Those mice began to behave just like mice that had never been depressed \u2014 but only for as long as the pleasant memory stayed activated.<\/span><\/p>\n

In another set of experiments, the researchers found that they could achieve a longer-lasting improvement by reactivating the positive memory cells for 15 minutes, twice a day, for five days, before the mice underwent the tests for depressive behavior. This time, the memories were not reactivated during the test, but the mice behaved just like mice that had never been depressed.<\/span><\/p>\n

The researchers found that the repeated memory activation provoked formation of new brain cells in a part of the hippocampus called the dentate gyrus. This did not happen during the brief activations during the behavioral tests; instead, depressive behavior was overcome by activation of a circuit connecting engram cells located in the hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHarnessing the brain\u2019s power\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Interestingly, the researchers found that allowing the mice to engage in pleasurable experiences after becoming depressed did not improve their symptoms nearly as much as reactivating an old memory.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cPeople who suffer from depression have those positive experiences in the brain, but the brain pieces necessary to recall them are broken. What we\u2019re doing, in mice, is bypassing that circuitry and forcing it to be jump-started,\u201d Ramirez says. \u201cWe\u2019re harnessing the brain\u2019s power from within itself and forcing the activation of that positive memory, whereas if you give a natural positive memory to the person or the animal, the depression that they have prevents them from finding that experience rewarding.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The study suggests a possible scientific explanation for why psychotherapy works for some depressed patients, Tonegawa says. \u201cIn some way this depression state suppresses the ability to recall positive experiences, and what the psychiatrist is doing is trying to override that and help them to recall those memories,\u201d he says.<\/span><\/p>\n

That link between the neural circuit manipulations in mice and therapies now used in humans makes the findings particularly exciting, says Tom Insel, director of the National Institute of Mental Health.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThis is a big step toward helping to understand not only the underlying circuits for a really serious illness like depression, but also the circuits that underlie treatment,\u201d says Insel, who was not involved in the research.<\/span><\/p>\n

The findings also offer possible new approaches to developing new types of depression treatments, the researchers say. If scientists could develop a noninvasive way to stimulate specific brain circuits, they might be able to achieve the same effects seen in this study using optogenetics. One way to accomplish this could be a more targeted form of deep-brain stimulation, which requires implantation of a brain pacemaker that sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain. Deep-brain stimulation is sometimes used to treat Parkinson\u2019s disease, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, among other diseases.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe problem is that deep-brain stimulation is crude and activates a large chunk of the brain,\u201d Ramirez says. \u201cYou could imagine in the future that if you could target deep-brain stimulation not to patches of brain but to specific sets of cells that we think are holding onto a positive memory, then it offers a new therapeutic avenue.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The research was funded by the RIKEN Brain Science Institute, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the JPB Foundation.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Artificially reactivating positive memories could offer an alternative to traditional antidepressants. MIT neuroscientists have shown that they can cure the symptoms of depression in mice by artificially reactivating happy memories that were formed before the onset of depression. The findings, described in the June 18 issue of\u00a0Nature, offer a possible explanation for the success of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":4780,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4779","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychology","category-research"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",639,426,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",639,426,false],"large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",639,426,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",639,426,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",639,426,false],"ultp_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",639,426,false],"ultp_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",639,426,false],"ultp_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",600,400,false],"ultp_layout_square":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",600,400,false],"newspaper-x-single-post":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",639,426,false],"newspaper-x-recent-post-big":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",540,360,false],"newspaper-x-recent-post-list-image":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",95,63,false],"web-stories-poster-portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",639,426,false],"web-stories-publisher-logo":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",96,64,false],"web-stories-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/MIT-Depression-Treat-1.jpg",150,100,false]},"author_info":{"info":["Amrita Tuladhar"]},"category_info":"Psychology<\/a> Research<\/a>","tag_info":"Research","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4779","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4779"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4779\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4780"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4779"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4779"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4779"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}