{"id":6045,"date":"2015-09-02T06:13:03","date_gmt":"2015-09-02T06:13:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revoscience.com\/en\/?p=6045"},"modified":"2015-09-02T06:13:03","modified_gmt":"2015-09-02T06:13:03","slug":"self-driving-golf-carts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/self-driving-golf-carts\/","title":{"rendered":"Self-driving golf carts"},"content":{"rendered":"

Autonomous vehicles share sidewalk space with pedestrians in six-day trial in Singaporean public garden.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\"The<\/a>
The autonomous golf carts (shown here) deployed in the Singapore public gardens relied on just a few unobtrusive sensors.
Screenshot from video provided by SMART<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.<\/strong> —\u00a0At the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems in September, members of the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) and their colleagues will describe an experiment conducted over six days at a large public garden in Singapore, in which self-driving golf carts ferried 500 tourists around winding paths trafficked by pedestrians, bicyclists, and the occasional monitor lizard.<\/span><\/p>\n

[pullquote]Accordingly, the golf carts\u2019 sensors consist entirely of off-the-shelf laser rangefinders mounted at different heights \u2014 since unlike the more sophisticated rangefinders deployed in some other autonomous vehicles, they measure distance only in a plane \u2014 and a camera.[\/pullquote]<\/p>\n

The experiments also tested an online booking system that enabled visitors to schedule pickups and drop-offs at any of 10 distinct stations scattered around the garden, automatically routing and redeploying the vehicles to accommodate all the requests.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe would like to use robot cars to make transportation available to everyone,\u201d says Daniela Rus, the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Professor in MIT\u2019s Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and a senior author on the conference paper. \u201cThe idea is, if you need a ride, you make a booking, maybe using your smartphone or maybe on the Internet, and the car just comes.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The researchers asked participants in the experiment to fill out a brief questionnaire after their rides. Some 98 percent said that they would use the autonomous golf carts again, and 95 percent said that they would be more likely to visit the gardens if the golf carts were a permanent fixture.<\/span><\/p>\n

SMART is a collaboration between MIT and the National Research Foundation of Singapore. With lead researchers drawn from both MIT and several Singaporean universities \u2014 chiefly the National University of Singapore and the Singapore University of Technology and Design \u2014 the program offers four-year graduate fellowships that cover tuition for students at the affiliated schools, as well as undergraduate and postdoctoral research fellowships.<\/span><\/p>\n

Joining Rus on the paper are Emilio Frazzoli, a professor of aeronautics and astronautics at MIT; Marcel Ang, an associate professor of mechanical engineering at the National University of Singapore; and 16 SMART students, postdocs, and staff members, from both the U.S. and Asia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Less is more<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

What distinguishes the SMART program\u2019s autonomous vehicles is that \u201cwe are taking a minimalist solution to the self-driving-car problem,\u201d Rus says. \u201cThe vehicles are instrumented, but they are not as heavily instrumented as the DARPA vehicles [competitors in the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency\u2019s autonomous-vehicle challenge] were, nor as heavily instrumented as, say, the Google car. We believe that if you have a simple suite of strategically placed sensors and augment that with reliable algorithms, you will get robust results that require less computation and have less of a chance to get confused by \u2018fusing sensors,\u2019 or situations where one sensor says one thing and another sensor says something different.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Accordingly, the golf carts\u2019 sensors consist entirely of off-the-shelf laser rangefinders mounted at different heights \u2014 since unlike the more sophisticated rangefinders deployed in some other autonomous vehicles, they measure distance only in a plane \u2014 and a camera.<\/span><\/p>\n

Algorithmically, one of the keys to the system is what the researchers call the \u201cdynamic virtual bumper,\u201d which can be thought of as a cylinder surrounding the vehicle\u2019s planned trajectory. The width and length of the cylinder are a function of the vehicle\u2019s velocity. When an obstacle enters the cylinder, the vehicle\u2019s onboard computer redraws the cylinder to exclude it. That could mean changing the trajectory, reducing the velocity, or both.<\/span><\/p>\n

The short run<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

In the experiments, the golf carts received no special treatment; they jockeyed for position on the garden\u2019s paths along with everyone else. But according to Rus, the obstacle-collision system encountered only one difficulty, when a large, slow-moving monitor lizard crossed the path of one of the golf carts. \u201cIt was this stop-and-go game over who\u2019s going to do what,\u201d Rus says.<\/span><\/p>\n

Of course, the golf carts had the advantage of moving relatively slowly \u2014 a top speed of only about 15 mph \u2014 which gave their algorithms more time to process sensor data and recalculate trajectories. But while the experiment was envisioned chiefly as a step on the path toward self-driving cars, Rus says that relatively slow autonomous golf carts could have their own practical applications.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIf you think about who needs rides,\u201d she says, \u201cit\u2019s fast enough for the elderly population who no longer have a driver\u2019s license and live in special areas where maybe their friend lives a mile away, and that\u2019s too far to walk. If they want to go to the doctor or shopping, they can use the self-driving golf carts because that\u2019s within some comfortable distance.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

At the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems in September, members of the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) and their colleagues will describe an experiment conducted over six days at a large public garden in Singapore, in which self-driving golf carts ferried 500 tourists around winding paths trafficked by pedestrians, bicyclists, and the occasional monitor lizard.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":6047,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6045","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-innovation"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",639,426,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",639,426,false],"large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",639,426,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",639,426,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",639,426,false],"ultp_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",639,426,false],"ultp_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",639,426,false],"ultp_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",600,400,false],"ultp_layout_square":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",600,400,false],"newspaper-x-single-post":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",639,426,false],"newspaper-x-recent-post-big":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",540,360,false],"newspaper-x-recent-post-list-image":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",95,63,false],"web-stories-poster-portrait":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",639,426,false],"web-stories-publisher-logo":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",96,64,false],"web-stories-thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MIT-Auto-Vehicles-1-new_0.jpg",150,100,false]},"author_info":{"info":["Amrita Tuladhar"]},"category_info":"Innovation<\/a>","tag_info":"Innovation","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6045","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6045"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6045\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6047"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6045"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6045"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revoscience.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6045"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}