A NASA-led effort indicates that if greenhouse gas emissions continue apace, Greenland and Antarctica’s ice sheets could substantially contribute to global sea level rise.
MUNICH — An international effort that brought together more than 60 ice, oceanic and atmospheric scientists from 3 dozen international institutions has generated new estimates of how much of an impact Earth’s melting ice sheets could have on global sea levels by 2100.
If greenhouse gas emissions continue apace, Greenland and Antarctica’s ice sheets could together contribute more than 38 centimetres (15 inches) of global sea level rise – and that’s beyond the amount that has already been set in motion by Earth’s warming climate.
Results from this research are in line with projections in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) 2019 Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Meltwater from ice sheets contributes about a third of the total global sea level rise.
Acoording to IPCC report projected that Greenland would contribute 8 to 27 centimetres (3.1 to 10.6 inches) to global sea level rise between 2000-2100, and that Antarctica could contribute 3 to 28 centimetres (1.2 to 11 inches).
These new results, published this week in a special issue of the European Geosciences Union journal The Cryosphere, come from the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (ISMIP6) led by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
The study is one of many efforts in which scientists are involved in projecting the impact of a warming climate on melting ice sheets, understanding its causes, and tracking sea level rise.
“One of the biggest uncertainties when it comes to how much sea level will rise in the future is how much the ice sheets will contribute,” said project leader and ice scientist Sophie Nowicki, now at the University at Buffalo and formerly at NASA Goddard. “And how much the ice sheets contribute is really dependent on what the climate will do.”
“The strength of ISMIP6 was to bring together most of the ice sheet modeling groups around the world, and then connect with other communities of ocean and atmospheric modelers as well, to better understand what could happen to the ice sheets,” said Heiko Goelzer, a scientist from Utrecht University in the Netherlands who is now at NORCE Norwegian Research Centre in Norway. Goelzer led the Greenland ice sheet ISMIP6 effort.
A significant contributor to sea level rise
With warming air temperatures melting the surface of the ice sheet, and warming ocean temperatures causing ocean-terminating glaciers to retreat, Greenland’s ice sheet is a significant contributor to sea level rise. The ISMIP6 team investigated two different scenarios the IPCC has set for future climate to predict sea level rise between 2015 and 2100: one with carbon emissions increasing rapidly, and another with lower emissions.
In the high-emissions scenario, they found that the Greenland ice sheet would lead to an additional global sea level rise of about 9 centimetres (3.5 inches) by 2100. In the lower-emissions scenario, the loss from the ice sheet would raise global sea level by about 3 centimetres (1.3 inches).
This is beyond what is already destined to be lost from the ice sheet due to warming temperatures between pre-industrial times and now; previous studies have estimated that ‘locked-in’ contribution to global sea level rise by 2100 to be about 6 millimetres (0.25 inches) for the Greenland ice sheet.
The ISMIP6 team also analysed the Antarctic ice sheet to understand how much ice melt from future climate change would add to sea level rise beyond what recent warming temperatures have already put in motion. Ice loss from the Antarctic ice sheet is more difficult to predict: in the west, warm ocean currents erode the bottom of large floating ice shelves, causing loss; while the vast East Antarctic ice sheet can gain mass, as warmer temperatures cause increased snowfall.
The results point to a greater range of possibilities, from ice-sheet change that decreases sea level by 7.8 centimetres (3.1 inches), to increasing it by 30 centimetres (12 inches) by 2100, with different climate scenarios and climate model inputs.
The regional projections show the greatest loss in West Antarctica, which could be responsible for up to 18 centimetres (7.1 inches) of sea level rise by 2100 in the warmest conditions, according to the research.
Continuing to improve the projections
“The Amundsen Sea region in West Antarctica and Wilkes Land in East Antarctica are the two regions most sensitive to warming ocean temperatures and changing currents, and will continue to lose large amounts of ice,” said Hélène Seroussi, an ice scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. Seroussi led the Antarctic ice sheet modeling in the ISMIP6 effort. “With these new results, we can focus our efforts in the correct direction and know what needs to be worked on to continue improving the projections.”
